“海德格尔式”抑或“马克思主义式”——现代视域中的马尔库塞早期哲学内在紧张关系分析

'Heideggerian' or 'Marxist': the Intrinsic Tension of Marcuse's Earlier Philosophy

马尔库塞早期哲学思想围绕"革命与解放"的主题,从革命动因、革命主体、革命形式、革命目标四个方面分别体现为:生存困境和本质贬损、阶级和个体、阶级斗争和自我决断、社会解放和劳动解放四组紧张关系。这些关系集中到一点就是要探讨在异化的社会里,人如何通达自身的自由和解放的问题。由于学术认同和现实境遇的双重因素,这种张力在"海德格尔式的马克思主义"中并没有得到解决。但是,这种理论尝试可以说是马克思主义理论根据不同社会历史情境不断调整自身理论状态以反思现实的逻辑体现。因此,厘清该理论的内在张力可以提示我们,如何在新的社会情境中保持马克思主义的理论自信和寻找新的马克思主义理论生长点二者之间的张力。

'Heideggerian Marxism', which is a synthesis of Heidegger's philosophy and historical Materialism, refers to Marcuse's theory to solve the epistemological crisis and the crisis of Marxism in the early 20 th century. Synthesis of two intrinsically different theories defines the intrinsic tension of Heideggerian Marxism. Concentrating on 'Heideggerain Marxism', the tension between these philosophies unfolds the dynamics, subjects, formation and objects of revolution': existence dilemma and estrangement of the human essence, class and individual, class struggle and self-determination, social liberation and labor liberation. Due to academic identity and real difficulties, this tension remained in 'Heideggerian Marxism', and ran through Marcuse's interpretation on Hegel and Freund and his meditation in later years. It marks Marcuse's philosophy as a whole. Referring to 'Heideggerian Marxism' can not only sort out the logic of Marcuse's philosophy and present diverse theoretical discourse, but also offer intellectual insights into modern Marxism.