晚清东亚变局与近代“外交”一词的起源——以中朝关系为中心的考察

The Change in East Asia during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Origin of Modern Word "Waijiao"(Diplomacy):An Exploration Centered on the Relations between China and Korea

朝贡体制下的中外交往,以礼仪上的君臣尊卑关系为主要表征,与基于条约体制的近代西方外交有所不同。近代"外交"一词的起源与流通,是西方主导下东亚变局的直接产物,并与中朝关系的近代转型密切相关。作者主要从三个方面进行了探讨:一是先秦特定语境下的"人臣无外交"作为后世对外关系的专用词语,在清代中朝两国汉文文献中的使用情况,进而指出它与朝鲜事大理念的内在关联;二是近代"外交"一词出现之后,关于中朝关系及朝鲜与欧美关系的讨论,成为近代"外交"一词的一条重要流通渠道;三是近代"外交话语"的形成及其思想史意义。

In the Tributary System,the communication between China and Foreign countries was Emperorminister dominance-submission relations represented in ritual ceremony,which is very different from the modern west diplomacy based on contract system.The origin and general use of the word 'waijiao' in modern times was the result of the change in East Asia directed by the west and had a close correlation with the modern transformation of China-Korea relationship.The author follows three directions to discuss:First,the use of the discourse 'no diplomacy for ministers'(which is from pre-Qin periods and used as a discourse for foreign relations afterwards),in literatures of China and Korea during the Qing period.Second,after the modern word 'waijiao' began to be used,it was mainly used in the discussion of relations between China and Korea,as well as between Korea and western powers.Third,the meaning of the formation of 'waijiao' discourse and its meaning in history of thoughts.