关于吐蕃统治敦煌时期的基层组织——十将、将

The Basic-level Organization of Dunhuang(敦煌) under the Tubo Administration:Jiang(将) and Shi Jiang(十将)

吐蕃敦煌地区的十将、将源自本部十将(tshan bcu),又对唐朝军队的十将、左右将制度进行了模仿。敦煌汉人军事部落中设有将,以左、右等厢编制,将之首领称为将头,统率本将成员所组成的军事编队。之上设有十将使,简称十将,也以左、右等厢编制,十将使管辖百人,吐蕃文称为brkyevu rje,管辖机构为十将(bcu tshan),可能管辖2个将(tshan)。十将使、将头都归属部落使管辖,管理相关军事行政事务。将头统领本将成员组成的军事编队tshar,称之为小茹(ru cung),之上设有中茹(ru vbring),即十将使。归义军军队中的十将、将、队制直接承袭了吐蕃旧制,并受到唐朝军制影响。

The Jiang and Shi Jiang organization in Dunhuang under Tubo derived from tshanbcu in proper Tubo area,and also learned from Shi Jiang and Left-Right Jiang institution of Tang Dynasty.There were Jiang organization in Han people(汉人) tribes,Jiang was separated into Left-right unities(左右厢),the head of Jiang was called Jiangtou(将头),which led the military unit consist of all the members of one Jiang.The up level of Jiang was called Shi Jiang Shi(十将使),also called Shi Jiang,which was also separated into left-right unites.Shi Jiang Shi,which was called brkyevurje in Tubo language,led one hundred personnel,might including two Jiang,and its administrative institute was bcutshan.Shi Jiang Shi and Jiangtou was headed by Buluo Shi(部落使) which managed military and civil affairs.The military unit tshar headed by Jiangtou was called rucung,the up level was ruvbring,namely Shi Jiang Shi.The Shi Jiang,Jiang and Dui in Guiyi Jun(归义军)stem from the old Tubo system,but was influenced by Tang Dynasty military institution.