中国哲学中的“实体”与“道体”

Shi Ti and Dao Ti in Chinese Philosophy

中国哲学的历史上,本体、实体的观念都有其发展演变的过程。在宋明理学中已经广泛使用"实体"的概念,其内涵与中世纪及近代西方哲学的实体概念有接近之处。但中国的实体论不是关注实体的属性、样式,而是关注实体的发用、流行。宋明理学中还提出了"道体"概念,道体是指本原、本体,从朱子学的立场来说,道体即是实体,也是最高实体。朱子哲学已有明确地把本原、本体作为哲学体系基础的意识。朱子是中国古代实体论的代表。

In the history of Chinese philosophy, the concept of substance （本体 ） and entity（ 实体 ） has undergone the process of development and evolution. The concept of Shi Ti （实体,entity） was widely used in Song- Ming Neo-Confucianism（宋明理学）, and its connotation was somewhat similar to the concept of entity in medieval and modern Western philosophies. But the theory of Shi Ti in Chinese philosophy showed no concern for the property and form of entity, but paid attention to its function and widespread use. Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism proposed the concept of Dao Ti （道体, Dao entity） which referred to principle （本原） and substance. From the viewpoint of Zhu Xi （朱子） School, Dao Ti was actually an entity and also the supreme entity. The philosophy of Zhu Xi had a clear consciousness that principle and substance should be taken as the foundation of the philosophical system. Zhu Xi was a representative philosopher of ancient Chinese theory of entity.