《论语》“可”“可谓”之被动语义及其他

Discussion on the Passive Meanings of "可"and "可谓" in The Analects and Others

上古汉语被动句极少见,被动句式仅现一二,但意念型的被动句已出现,在经典语录体《论语》著作中有较集中体现。论文具体诠释《论语》中每例"可谓""可"和"可以"具有表被动的语义功能,并且从深层次上分析说明"可"表被动的原因所在,是由"可"语义决定,并受上古汉语特定语法发展阶段以及语录体语用功能影响。从历时角度分析"可""可以"的语义演变过程,列举的英文词汇仅以说明"可"表"被动"的语义普遍性。

Passive sentences are rare to be ：found in ancient Chinese, with only one or two passive pat-terns, but the idea of passiveness has appeared, which is embodied in the classic quotation The Analects of Confucius. The paper explains the passive semantic function of ＂可谓＂, ＂可＂, ＂可以＂ in The Analects, and makes a deep analysis of the reasons why the ＂可＂s can be used to express passiveness it is decided by its semantic meanings and influenced by specific grammatical development stage of ancient Chinese and the pragmatic function of quotations. Diachronically, the paper analyzes the semantic evolution of ＂可＂ and ＂可以＂, with some English words to illustrate the semantic universality of the passiveness of ＂可＂.