基于足部形态特征的跑步生物力学分析

A Biomechanical Analysis of Running Based on the Foot Morphological Characteristics

目的:旨在分析习惯着鞋跑步者与习惯裸足跑步者跑步的运动学和动力学特征,并结合习惯着鞋跑步者内收的大脚趾与习惯裸足跑步者外展的大脚趾的足部形态差异进行功能分析。方法:18名习惯裸足跑步者与20名习惯着鞋跑步者参与跑步测试(控制速度3.0±0.2m/s)。Vicon三维红外运动分析系统用于收集两组受试者跑步测试时下肢的运动学数据;Kistler三维测力台用于收集受试者跑步过程中右腿的地面反作用力;Novel Pedar-X鞋垫式足底压力测量系统用于获得足部特定解剖区域的足底压力(峰值压强,接触面积及压强-时间积分)数据,重点探究两组受试者外展及内收的大脚趾跑步时的功能。结果:由于两组受试者跑步时落地方式的差异,两组受试者在落地时踝关节屈伸的角度存在较为显著的差异。习惯着鞋跑步者跑步时垂直负荷增长率高于习惯裸足跑步者,这与下肢及足部常见损伤相联系。习惯裸足跑步者跑步时,足部前掌区的峰值压强和压力-时间积分高于习惯着鞋跑步者,习惯着鞋跑步者大脚趾区由于鞋底的支撑作用表现出较大的峰值压强及压强-时间积分,相应的前足内外侧的峰值压强和压强-时间积分也明显低于习惯裸足跑步者。结合两组受试者在踝关节冠状面内的角度变化,习惯裸足跑步者蹬离地面时外翻角度高于习惯着鞋跑步者。结论:习惯着鞋跑步者跑步时足部蹬离阶段大脚趾由于鞋底支撑作用能够降低聚集于前足的负荷,减少足部筋膜炎、跖骨疲劳性骨折的风险;针对脚趾蹬地时抓地弹射机能的训练能够提高跑步的运动表现。

Objective：This study aims to investigate the kinematics and kinetics of habitually unshod runners and habitually shod runners running. The foot morphological characteristics of abducted hallux of habitually shod runners and adducted hallux of habitually unshod runners is linked in the analysis morphology-related functions while running. Methods.. A total of 18 habitually unshod runners and 20 habitually shod runners participated in the running test controlling the speed of 3.0±0.2m/s. The Vicon three dimension motion analysis system was taken to capture the kinematics of lower extremity while running test. Kistler was employed to record the ground reaction force of running under shod and unshod conditions. The Novel Pedar-X insole plantar pressure measurement system was utilized to collect the plantar pressure （peak pressure, contact area and pressure-time integral） in specific anatomical areas. The function of abducted and adducted hallux is analyzed through the comparison of plantar pressure parameters and kinematical results. Results：Owing to the different landing patterns of two participant groups, the dorsiflexion and plantarflexion angle of ankle while landing show significant difference. The Vertical Loading Rate of habitually shod runners is obviously higher than that of ha- bitually unshod runners, which is linked with common injuries to the lower extremities. The peak pressure and pressure-time integral of habitually unshod runners＇ running are significantly higher than habitually shod runners. As to the hallux part of habitually shod runners, the peak pressure and pressure-time integral are higher owing to the supporting from outsole, thus reducing the loading in the medial forefoot and lateral forefoot. Combining the inversion and eversion of ankle in the coronal plane while pushing off, habitually unshod runners show a bigger eversion angle than habitually shod runners. Conclusion：In the pushing-off phase, the supporting from outsole to the hallux of the habitually shod runners could reduce the loading to the forefoot, thus lowering down the incidence of foot disorders, like plantar fasciitis and metatarsal fatigue fracture, but also improving the running performance through training of pushing- off sling-like action.