被构建的历史与受遏制的精英——雅典“蛊惑家”形象的起源及其本质

The Constructed History and the Constrained Elites:A Study on the Origin and Nature of the Athenian Demogogues

"蛊惑家"是雅典民主政治受到后世批评的主要原因之一。"蛊惑家"是由雅典部分精英知识分子与部分历史家共同构建出来的一种历史形象。它虽然并不符合雅典民主政治的发展事实,但还是有一定的社会根源和历史合理性。雅典的政治模式决定了其政治领导权的外在表现和实质内容,加强了雅典人民领袖的"蛊惑家"色彩。"蛊惑家"是雅典政治精英在直接民主制度下既得到权力又受到遏制的典型形象。我们应该客观地、历史地看待"蛊惑家"及其本质。

＇Demagogues＇ is the main reason why Athenian democracy was criticized by the later men. The author thinks that it is a historical image constructed by some of intellectual elites and historians. Although it was not in agreement with the reality of Athenian democracy, there was some social reason and historical rationality. The exterior form and real content of Athenian political leadership was determined by its political institutions that have strengthened the impression of demagogues. ＂Demagogues＇ have showed that Athenian political elites had either gained some power or been restricted. We should view the image of demagogues impersonally and historically.