上海租界的国际化与殖民地化:《1854年土地章程》略论

Internationalization and Colonialization of Shanghai Concession——on the 1854 Land Regulations

上海英租界1845年的土地章程确立了中英共管的租界治理模式,实际上由英国领事主导。由于受到美国历任领事的挑战,这一模式陷入管制危机。英国领事阿礼国试图维护这一模式,却遭到了英国代理公使包令的反对。包令主张列强应在上海展开公平竞争。阿礼国只好提出了一个把英租界国际化的土地章程草案,即把原先由英国领事独享的权力交予外国领事共享。适逢太平天国与小刀会战事,列强代表与上海外侨在保卫租界的过程中增加了彼此之间的认同感,就利用修改制定《1854年土地章程》的机会,增加外国租地人的自治权,削弱中国官员介入租界事务的权力。阿礼国还通过对章程的曲解,鼓动外国租地人建立"上海市政委员会"。《1854年土地章程》在上海租界国际化和殖民地化的过程中起到了关键作用。

The 1854 Land Regulations of British Concession in Shanghai established the joint management mode of China and Britain over the concession but in fact the concession was mainly dominated by the British ambassadors. As the management was successively challenged by American ambassadors,this mode in crisis. The 1854 Land Regulations played a key role in the internationalization and colonialization process.