论元代家臣的两种类型——以“两都之战”后降臣塔失铁木儿与倒剌沙之命运差异为中心的考察

Two Types of Retainers in Yuan Dynasty——Focusing on the Different Fate of Surrendered Retainers Tashitiemuer and Daocisha

元代家臣根据其出身亦即"根脚"的大小可以分为两种类型:大根脚家臣与小根脚家臣。前者权力基础稳固,后者则权力基础脆弱,在日常政务中虽能受到一时的重用,但也很容易失势倒台,受到严厉清算。"两都之战"后塔失铁木儿与倒剌沙遭遇的差异反映了这两类家臣不同的政治命运。大根脚家臣尽管名分上不过是大汗奴仆,实际上却也存在着大根脚家臣限制乃至威胁皇权的倾向,其中原因在于元代皇权的内在矛盾。

Retainers of Yuan dynasty were divided into two types—Dagenjiao( literally big root feet) retainers and Xiaogenjiao( literally small root feet) retainers. The former has a solid power foundation while the latter was week in power foundation and easy to lose social position. Though the former was nominally servant of Yuan dynasty,they restricted or even threated the imperial power. The reason could be found in the inner contradictions of the imperial power of Yuan.