作为任意的限度——论道德存在的根据和样式

As the Limited Arbitrariness: the Ground and Form of Morality

道德基于人的意志自由。无任意则无自由,无限度也无自由,道德只能作为任意的限度而存在。作为任意的限度,道德才是一种现实的自由,实现在人与人的关系之中。作为任意限度的道德表现为善恶、良心、正义和幸福。善恶是人与人最一般关系的性质,良心是人与人最一般关系的性质表现为个体的观念,正义是人和人最一般关系的性质表现为社会制度的性质,幸福则是良心和正义的有机统一。它们成为道德存在的四种基本样式。在此基础上,道德作为一种理论形态的存在,是人经过理论反思形成的系统化知识,构成德性伦理学、规范伦理学、元伦理学三种基本的伦理学理论。

Morality is built on manls free will. No arbitrariness, no freedom; No limits, no freedom. Mo- rality as the limited arbitrariness can exist and be a real freedom in the interpersonal relationships. It can be discerned as the good and evil, conscience, justice and happiness, which carry the nature of the most general interpersonal relationship. Furthermore, conscience refers to an individual concept; Justice embodies the na- ture of the social system ; And happiness is the organic unity of conscience and justice. These four are the basic styles of morality. Morality as a theoretical form is systematic on theoretical reflection, and consists of virtue ethics, ethics of normative ethics, and metatheory ethics.