神圣的消解与自我的迷失——从黎族文身诸说看文身女性角色演变

On the Role Transition of Tattooed Females from the Perspective of Tattoo Legends in Li People

文章以黎族文身女性角色变化为主线,综合神话史诗、传世文献、口述历史资料和田野调查报告,研究发现在文身认知变迁的背后,反映了两性权力和地位的更迭。从"祖先识辨"、"成年礼"到"逃避外族掳掠"、"守节",再到"爱美",文身的宗教性和神圣性不断被削弱,文身女性的地位不断下降,由神圣的氏族守护者变成以氏族和男性为中心的卑属者,文身最终成为女性取悦男性的行为。当文身普遍遭社会尤其是男性世界否定时,文身女性也开始否定文身,否定自己。这种否定也宣告了以文身为代表的维系黎族女性地位的母系文化残余最终退出历史舞台的命运。

By studying changes in the status of tattooed females from the perspective of tattoo legends in the Li Nationality, it is discerned that the change in the view on tattoos is reflective of the alteration in power and status between men and women. From ＂the ancestor identification＂ through ＂the puberty rite＂ to ＂the evasion of alien captivity＂ to ＂chastity＂ to ＂decorative make-up＂, the religiousness and holiness of tattoos have been constantly weakened, thus having led to the constant decline of the status of tattooed women who have transformed from sacred clan guardians to humble dependents in society centered round the clan and males, with the tattoo ending up as an act to please males. With the universal denial of tattoos by people, especially by males, tattooed women started to deny tattooing and themselves, which has proclaimed the ultimate retreat of the remnants of matriarchal Culture for maintaining the status of Li women and represented by tattooing from the stage of history.