试论平定书院的近代变迁及其影响

On Modern Transition of Pingding Shuyuan and Its Influence

书院是中国古代一种独特的文化教育组织模式。20世纪初,书院逐渐被学堂取代。平定书院由私办转为官办,政府干预逐渐加强,书院不自觉地被纳入科举取士之中,其功能开始转移。清末改制将书院改为学堂,近代化的教育改革与书院变迁之间产生了密切的互动关系。平定书院的近代变迁,一方面推动了平定教育的近代化,另一方面呈现出教育体制革新与平定教育衰落的畸形关系。研究平定书院的近代变迁,能够从微观的角度去审视中国教育制度的近代化,特别是对于我们重新审视近代中国教育制度的走向以及窥探近代学校改革与城市的近代化发展之间的关系具有特殊的意义。

The Shuyuan, or academy, was a unique cultural and educational organizing mode in ancient China. In the early part of the 20th century, the Shuyuan was gradually replaced by Xuetang, or school. As Pingding Shuyuan became officially run instead of its original private nature, the government interference gradually intensified, as a result, the Shuyuan had to be included in the system of imperial examination, its function beginning to shift. At the late period of Qing Dynasty, the system of the Shuyuan was transformed into the Xuetang, so there was a relation of close interaction between the modern educational reform and the transformation of the Shuyuan. On the one hand, the modern transformation of Pingding Shuyuan promoted the modernization of education in Pingding, on the other hand it showed a deformed relations between the educational reform and the falling of education status in Pingding. The study of the modern transformation of Pingding Shuyuan enables a review from microscopic view over China＇s modernization of educational system, with a special significance in China＇s examining her path for modern educational system and the relations between school reform and modernization of cities.