“两免一补”:背景、历程与影响

Two Exemptions and One Subsidy:Background,Process and Influence

"两免一补"自2001年出台以来,经历了三个阶段:试点阶段、全面推广阶段和完善阶段。它既体现了社会主义教育公平的政治诉求和经济发展的要求,也是教育自身发展的结果。"两免一补"政策加快了农村免费义务教育的普及步伐,对降低中西部贫困程度、丰富人力资源、加快中西部地区的经济发展、实现经济社会的可持续发展有着深远的意义。从教育人类学的角度看,它深深地影响了学生、家长和教师。15年来,它发挥了强大影响力与作用力,因而它是一项成功的政策。有三点经验值得我们注意:第一,从路径上看,它走的是农村贫困县-农村-城市的路径,覆盖面依次扩大;从资助内容、资助标准上看,也是依次拓展,不断提高,这不仅保证了资助行动的有序进行,也保证了资金的切实有效,因而是最经济的。第二,这一政策的设计是自上而下的,中央各有关部门、地方各级人民政府、广大教育工作者密切配合,协同作战,谱写了一曲中国教育跨越式发展的华丽篇章。它既反映出21世纪初期中国农村教育发展的亮点与特色,也由此开拓出中国教育发展的"中国式"道路。对此,我们应感到制度自信。第三,政策设计抓住了"人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题",锲而不舍向前走,这对我们制定政策具有指导意义。

Since 2001,the policy of“two exemptions and one subsidy”has gone through three phases：pilot phase,all-round extension phase and improvement phase,which not only reflects the political appeal of socialist education equality and the demand for economic development,but also is the result of education development.The policy speeds up popularizing free compulsory education in rural areas,and has a profound significance for reducing the poverty in the central and western areas of China,enriching human resources,promoting the economic development in the central and western areas and achieving economic and social sustainable development.Also,in the view of educational anthropology,the policy greatly influences students,parents and teachers.In the past 1 5 years,the policy has been so influential and powerful that it is successful.From the policy we can learn：firstly,as regards the path,it follows the route “from rural poverty-stricken counties to rural areas and to urban areas”,extending the coverage respectively;for the content and standard of subsidization,it also extends gradually to make the financial aid plans well-ordered,the fund program feasible and effective,and thus it is the most economical. Secondly,its design is from top to bottom,that is,central government departments concerned,local people’s governments at different levels and educators coordinate and cooperate to make great-leap-forward development of China’s education,which not only presents the distinctive feature of China’s education development in rural areas in the early 21st century,but also opens up the road of China’s education.For this,we should be proud of the policy.Thirdly,the policy aims to give priority to the problems the public are most concerned about and the most immediate and realistic problems,to solve one thing after another, year after year, and to go forward with perseverance.And this has a guiding significance for us to make policies.