逮捕率变化的影响因素研究——以新《刑事诉讼法》的实施为背景

Impact Factors of Arrest Rate's Changes:With the Background of Implementation of New Criminal Procedure Law

新《刑事诉讼法》实施以来,逮捕率的下降趋势十分明显。据初步分析发现,逮捕数、逮捕率的下降与犯罪率的自然变化无关,相关逮捕制度和管理制度改革很可能是真正发挥作用的影响性因素。以C市为例的研究揭示,检察机关对逮捕瑕疵案件的考核控制的增强造成轻罪逮捕数量的急剧下降,这是导致逮捕数和逮捕率下降的关键性因素;由于指控式审核机制的作用,逮捕必要性审查对减少不当逮捕发挥了一定作用,但效果低于预期;至于"司法化"的审查逮捕程序,无论是讯问犯罪嫌疑人,还是听取辩护律师的意见,对逮捕决定的影响均较为有限。为了进一步控制不当逮捕,需要对现行的逮捕审查程序进行全面改革,逮捕审查应从采取指控式审核转向综合式评估,从行政化的准司法程序逐渐迈向控辩式的司法程序;与此同时,为了兼顾保障诉讼的价值目标,也有必要对轻罪案件羁押控制的策略做出重大调整,以全程性速审程序的构建取代行政考核管理。

The arrest rate has declined obviously in China since the implementation of new Criminal Procedure Law. It is found through preliminary analysis that the decrease of arrest and arrest rate is unrelated to natural changes of crime rate,and relative reform of arrest system and management system are probably real impact factors. The case study of C City indicates that the enhancement of check and control on arrest cases with flaws results in a sharp decline in arrest of misdemeanor cases,which is the key factor leading to the decline in arrest and arrest rates. Due to accused style check mechanism,the review of arrest necessity plays a role in reducing undue arrest,but the role is less than expected. The ＂judicial＂arrest review procedure including interrogation of criminal suspects and considering the views of defense lawyers has relatively limited impacts on the decision on arrest. To further control improper arrest,it needs to reform comprehensively the existing arrest review procedure. The review of arrest should change from accused style check mechanism to comprehensive evaluation mechanism,and gradually from administrative quasi-judicial procedure towards adversarial judicial procedure.Meanwhile,considering the value target of litigation protection,it is also necessary to make major adjustments of strategies of detain control on misdemeanor cases and replace administrative assessment management with speed-trial procedure in entire process.