“立人”与“兴国”:鲁迅早期“个人”观念的内在问题

“Cultivation of People”and“Rejuvenation of the Nation”: the Inner Problems of Lu Xun's Early Ideology

鲁迅在日本时期的文言论文中提出了自己的救亡主张,在"人类之能"、"神思"、"精神"、"意力"、"心声"、"内曜"、"白心"、"进化"等概念系统中,系统地表达了以"立人"为动机的"个人"观念,其"个人"以超越性"精神"为内涵,以落实于生命力的"意力"为根基,这一"个人"观念有着进化论与德国主观主义哲学的显著影响,同时又受传统思维方式的内在制约,使其"个人"想象是本然自足的。鲁迅将中国现代转型的问题意识深刻地推进到文明基础的"自我"——"个人"层面,形成一个深度视点,但是,本然自足的"个人"想象缺少超越性、普遍性的理性背景,不仅制约了其对西方资源背后理性主义传统的发现,也使其"立人"到"兴国"的设计存在难以解决的潜在问题。

Lu Xun put forward his personal advocacy for ＂saving the nation＂ in papers written in classical Chinese characters during his stay in Japan. Through concepts like ＂human capacity＂, ＂spiritual thinking＂, ＂spirit＂, ＂will power＂, ＂inner voice＂, ＂intemal cultivation＂, ＂internal cleansing＂ and ＂evolution＂, Lu Xun had systematically discussed ＂individuality＂ as the base for ＂cultivation of people＂. This ＂individuality＂ has the power of ＂spiritual transcendence＂, thus implementing the ＂meaning＂ of life as the foundation. The con- cept of ＂individuality＂ was obviously the consequence of the impact of evolution theory and German subjec- tive philosophy but also demonstrated an inner constraint born of traditional Chinese philosophy assuming this imagined ＂individuality＂ as a natural product of self-sufficiency. Lu Xun had embodied the ideological issue of China＇ s transformation in the concept of ＂individuality＂ which demands civilization as its founda- tion; however, this ＂individuality＂ as the natural result of self-sufficiency lacks the rationality of spiritual transcendence and universality, which has not only restricted further exploration of traditional Western ratio- nalism but also made the ideal of ＂cultivation of people＂ and ＂rejuvenation of the nation＂ almost impossible to realize.