名实之间:英美法系的“制定法”

Between Name and Reality:the Common Law Statutes

不同语境下的制定法,旨趣迥异,无法简单类比或等同。英美法系的制定法低调而谦抑。从表面上看,制定法优先于判例法。它可以对法律内容作全面而详尽规定,为新类型案件提供制定法答案,明文排除非制定法化的罪名,改变或推翻既有判例法,规定法律解释方式,限制违背立法意图的判例法的生成。而事实上,这些制定法的内容源于判例法,制定法的解释会再次追溯至原初的判例,制定法的优先并不排除判例法的适用,制定法的适用范围可能被判例法改变,而且制定法常常使用在判例法中有确切含义的概念。英美法系的制定法少有或没有任何"建构"规则的企图。因而,不管制定法在数量或趋势上是否上升,英美法系的判例法仍稳固地居于主导地位。自然演进的判例法传统和文化,始终是其挥之不去的最鲜明的底色。

The statute under different contexts ,value and idea can not simply analog or equivalent .The common law statutes always exhibits low -key and humble attitude .On the surface ,the statute takes pre‐cedence over case law .It establishes a comprehensive and detailed legal content ,provides answers to new types of cases ,exclude non-statutory law of the charges expressly ,change or overthrow the existing case law ,formulate the way of legal interpretation ,and restrict the generation of case law that contrary to the legislative intent .In fact ,the contents of these statutes stems from the case law .Statutory interpretation will be retroactive again to the original jurisprudence .Priority statute does not preclude the application of case law .The scope of the statute may be changed by case law ,And the statute often use the exact mean‐ing of the concept of the case law .Common law developed little or no attempts to construct the rules . Therefore ,no matter whether the rise in the number of law or trend ,the case law of Anglo American law system is still firmly occupy the leading position .Natural evolution of case law tradition and culture ,has always been its most distinctive lingering background .