粮食适度经营规模的文献评述与理论思考

Literature Comment and Theoretical Study on the Optimum Management Scale of Farmland

研究目的:探索粮食适度经营规模的确定思路与推进适度规模经营的政策重点。研究方法:文献资料法,定性分析法,边际分析法。研究结果:(1)粮食单产、农民收入、机会成本以及可流转耕地资源、投资与经营能力等约束条件是确定粮食适度规模最为常见的评价标准与测算视角;(2)边际成本等于边际收益是经营主体确定适度经营规模的基本依据,从收入而非单产视角设计适度规模经营的控制标准更具可行性;(3)政府近期可将粮食单产列为适度经营规模的引导标准并据此设置补偿方法,远期来看有助于降低经营主体边际成本的基础设施建设、农业生产社会化服务等领域才是政府适度规模经营工作的重点所在。研究结论:适度规模经营的核心是通过各类生产要素的优化配置达到最优产出,其中经营主体的最优目标为实现利润最大化,政府出于粮食安全考虑更倾向于产量最大化,两者差异构成粮食适度规模经营工作的逻辑起点与调控重点。

The purpose of this paper is to explore how to determine the optimum land management scale and promote policy recommendations for achieving the proper scale. Methods employed are documentary data analysis, qualitative analysis, and marginal analysis. The results indicate that factors such as grain yield, farmers’income（opportunity cost）, available farmland resource, and investment and management capacity, are the main evaluation criteria in calculating the optimum land management scale. Since the equilibrium condition of personal land management is marginal cost equals to marginal revenue, which is irrelevant to both grain yields and opportunity cost, it thus will be more feasible to take farmers’ income as an evaluation criteria rather than grain yield. Recently, government can utilize guidance, specifically, grain yield and its corresponding compensation tools to achieve the proper scale of farmland management. In long run, fields that may reduce the marginal cost of farmland management, including infrastructure construction and agricultural socialized service, are the prior attentions that the government should pay. It is concluded that the core role of scale management is to achieve the optimal output by optimizing the allocation of production factors, income maximization for producers and production maximization for government, the inconsistence of which turns to be the logical starting point and the focus of government regulation.