土地改革的法理初探——基于财产权的社会功能学说

On the Jurisprudence of Land Reform: Social Function Theory Based on Property Rights

国内学界普遍认为,财产权社会义务思想最早产生于1919年魏玛宪法。本文认为,该思想最早出现于1886年哥伦比亚宪法,后出现于1917年墨西哥宪法,之后风靡于拉丁美洲多个国家。学界对社会义务思想的误读,既根源于对法国社会功能学说,尤其是对狄骥思想的缺乏认识,也根源于对拉丁美洲国家的土地改革,尤其对墨西哥土地改革的缺乏了解。对上述学术理论和知识上的缺失,导致了有的学者将财产权的社会义务这一立法原则,与征收这一财产权的限制方式混为一谈,从而误读了由于财产负有社会功能,意味着产生了财产的社会义务,又由于财产的社会义务,导致了财产征收的正当性法理。

It is a popular standpoint in Chinese academic circle that the social obligation thought about property rights initially appeared in Weimar Constitution in 1919. On the contrary,this paper argues that it first appeared in Colombian Constitution in 1886,later it appeared in Mexican Constitution in 1917,and then,it became a popular phenomenon in Latin American countries. The misunderstanding for the social obligation thought in Chinese academic circle comes into being not only because of the ignorance of French social function theories,especially that of Duguit,but also from the ignorance of the land reform in Latin America,especially that of Mexico. Therefore,it is the ignorance about these theories and knowledge that makes such a viewpoint arguing social obligation with expropriation as the same thing. In fact,ownership is a social function which implies obligations,and it is these obligations that make expropriation to be legitimate.