运动员竞技能力非线性系统理论构建研究

Theoretical Construction of the Nonlinear Systems of Competitive Ability

运动员竞技能力系统是复杂的非线性系统,线性只是其非线性的简化。在竞技能力系统内外性质各异的因素相互联系、相互作用,纵横交错,多输入、多输出、多变量、多参数、多干扰表现出强烈的非线性。以复杂性科学为研究方法论,着重应用非线性系统理论与方法对竞技能力非线性的特征、行为及其演化进行揭示,初步形成竞技能力非线性系统的理论模型,在此基础上推演其训练控制方法,拓展运动训练科学研究的新视野和新路径。结论:竞技能力作为非线性系统,其主要表现为饱和型、指数型、U型、S型、间隙型、不灵敏区型和时滞型等非线性行为;具有不满足叠加原理、对初始条件的敏感性、临界效应、分叉样性、突变性等非线性特征;竞技能力系统的非线性演化则是从稳态—不稳定状态—新的稳定状态—新的不稳定状态……循环往复的过程,遵循约束原理、非平衡稳态原理、波动原理和非线性协同原理等;对于竞技能力非线性系统的控制方法则主要改变系统的初态条件、终态条件、边界条件、系统时间、空间结构和应用系统的波动特征、临界性特征等;须遵循整体与局部控制相结合、非线性与线性控制相结合、定量与定性控制相结合和自组织控制等原则。

Athletic ability system is a complex nonlinear system. In competitive ability system, different nature of the internal and external factors interrelat- ed, with interacted, crisscross, multiple input and multiple output, variables, parameters and shows strong nonlinear interference. Based on the study of com- plex system science, focusing on the application of nonlinear system theory, the paper forms the theoretical model of the competitive ability nonlinear system of revealing its characteristics, behavior, and evolution and deduces of the competitive ability of nonlinear system control method, expanding of research new vision and paths. The conclusions are as following： Competitive ability is a nonlinear system with the characteristics of not satisfied superposition principle, sensitivity to initial conditions, the critical effect, bifurcate sample catastrophe, and shows nonlinear behaviors of exponential, U-shaped, S-type, space-based, nonsensitive zone and time-delay etc. Competitive ability system evolves from the steady state, instability, a new stable state, to a new instabil- ity following the principle of constraint, nonequilibrium steady state and wave and nonlinear cooperative. The control method of its nonlinear systems is to change the system＇s initial state conditions, the final state conditions, boundary conditions, the volatihty characteristics of the system time, space, structure and application of the system, the critical characteristics and other methods. In addition, you must follow the whole and partial control, combining the nonlin- ear and linear control, the combination of quantitative and qualitative control combination and self-organizing control principle.