国民党“临全大会”与战时党政体制的建构

KMT Provisional National Congress and Construction of Wartime Party-Government System

1938年,国民党在武汉召开"临全大会",通过了设立总裁制、组织非常时期国民参政会和抗战建国纲领等议案,逐步建立了以蒋介石为党政军最高领袖、以国防最高委员会为决策和执行机关、以国民参政会为战时"民意机关"的战时党政体制。这一战时体制的建构,既造成了国家权力高度集中与个人独裁,又使各党派获得了建言议政的机会。两者互为矛盾,却又共存发展。

In 1938, the KMT held its Provisional National Congress in Wuhan and passed important bills concerning the presidential system, the critical-period National Political Council and the programme on the war with Japan and national building. The wartime party-government system was thus established with Chiang Kai-shek as the supreme leader of the party, the government and the military, with the National Defense Supreme Council as decision-making and execution organs, and with the National Political Council as wartime ＂people＇ s representative body＂. The construction of this system made it possible for highly-centralized state authority and personal dictatorship to coexist at the same time, and allowed different political parties to give consultations and to participate in the management of state affairs. These two elements seem incompatible, but they were coexistent.