战后初期斯大林对华“双轨”政策的形成

Formation of Stalin's “Dual-Track” China Policy Early after the War

战后初期是斯大林对华政策框架的基本形成阶段。雅尔塔《秘密协定》与《中苏友好同盟条约》的签订,基本上确立了战后苏联对华外交的基本框架。在此框架下,为了维护苏联的根本利益,斯大林一方面积极履行在谈判中的承诺,将国民党政府作为主要合作对象,督促中共领导人赴重庆谈判;另一方面出于对美蒋独占东北的忧惧,先是有计划地将抗联部队部署到东北的战略要地,后又对进入东北的中共部队提供积极援助。由此,战后初期斯大林的对华政策体现出鲜明的"双轨"性。在这种"双轨"政策下,苏联与中共在东北逐渐形成了一种战略性的关系,这对中共全国战略的形成与实施均产生了重要影响。利用已解密的中、苏、美外交档案,对《中苏友好同盟条约》签订前后斯大林对华政策的形成过程进行考察,可以探寻战后初期斯大林对华"双轨"政策的形成及特点。

Stalin＇s policy toward China was basically framed in early postwar period. The signing of Secret Agreement in Yalta and Xino-Xoviet TreaO： of Friendship and Alliance, generally established the basic framework of the post-war Soviet diplomacy with China. Under this framework, in order to safeguard Soviet fundamental interests, Stalin, on the one hand, actively fulfilled his promises during the negotiation, considering the KMT govemment as main object of cooperation and urging the Chinese Communist Party leaders for Chongqing negotiations. On the other hand, due to the apprehension of the U.S. and KMT＇s exclusive occupation of Northeast China, Stalin, first deployed the troops in strategic positions in Northeast China and then provided positive assistance to Chinese communist forces in the northeast. Therefore, early after the war, Stalin＇s policy toward China was characterized by ＂dual-track＂ policy, under which a strategic relationship between the Soviet Union and the CPC was gradually formed in Northeast China. This also had a significant impact on the formation and implementation of the CPC＇s national strategy. Based on declassified diplomatic archives, this article attempts to explore Stalin＇s China policy before and after the signing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, aiming to analyze the formation and characteristics of Stalin＇s ＂dual-track＂ policy toward China early after the war.