玄奘、清辩、陈那——从“简别立宗”谈起

Xuanzang,Bhāviveka and Dignāga:On the "Restriction of the Thesis"

玄奘"西行取经",在印度那烂陀寺等地广学佛法、造诣非凡,最后在曲女城辩论大会上提出了无人能驳的三支论式,盛名响彻印度,后世称为"唯识比量"或"真唯识量"。本文通过分析"唯识比量"中的关键要素——"简别立宗"这一特殊的因明规则,及其与中观派论师清辩之"掌珍比量"的关系,以佛教新因明奠基人陈那的论辩逻辑为桥梁,明晰玄奘对清辩的学理传承这一重要的思想关系,考察因明学说在瑜伽行派与中观派之"有"、"空"论证中的作用与意义等佛教思想史上的重要理论问题。

Xuanzang visited the western regions and satisfied with his studies in Nalanda etc.in India.Before his return to China,in the debate held in the city Kanyakubja,Xuanzang set forth an argument against which nobody dared raise any objections at the time.Afterwards,it became well known as the weishi biliang or zhen weishi liang in the history of Buddhism.In this paper,I will begin my discussion with an analysis of the key factor in the weishi biliang,i.e.the usage of the 'restriction of the thesis',and take a close look at its relationship with the Madhyamika scholar Bhaviveka's zhangzhen biliang.I then consider their possible connections with the new Buddhist logic founded by Dignaga.In so doing,I will clarify that the argument Xuanzang seems to have used in the course of a debate have been deeply influenced by Bhaviveka,and that Dignaga's logic has played an important role in both Yogacara school's proof of ' existence' and Madhyamika school's proof of ' emptiness' in the intellectual history of Buddhism.