城市公园生境类型对鸟类群落的影响

The influence of habitat types on bird community in urban parks

2011年12月—2012年11月,在上海世纪公园和滨江森林公园对鸟类群落和植物群落进行调查,通过对12个植被变量进行主成分分析,将两个公园分为8种不同的生境类型。结果表明:2个公园生境构成存在显著差异,滨江森林公园灌木层植物发达的生境(Habitat with developed shrub layer,S型)以及灌木层和地被层植物都发达的生境(Habitat with developed tree layer and shrub layer,T+S型)数量显著多于世纪公园,世纪公园地被层发达的生境(Habitat with developed ground cover layer,G型)以及乔木层和地被层植物都发达的生境(Habitat with developed tree layer and ground cover layer,T+G型)数量显著多于滨江森林公园。世纪公园不同生境中鸟种数差异显著,而滨江森林公园中差异不显著。2个公园有24种共有鸟种,对共有鸟种生境利用率的配对t检验结果表明,滨江森林公园鸟类生境利用率显著高于世纪公园。对2个公园共有生境类型中鸟种数进行分析,发现滨江森林公园鹟科(Muscicapidae)鸟类种数显著大于世纪公园。根据以上结果,上海城市公园不同生境类型对鸟类群落结构存在显著影响。因此,建议在规划和建设大型城市公园时,应构建植被分层结构复杂的生境,多样化种植各类乔木,林下多样化搭配灌木。在保留供游客休憩草坪区域的同时种植各类草本植物,以此提高鸟类生境利用率,增加城市公园的鸟类多样性。

The bird communities and vegetation communities in Shanghai Century Park and Bingjiang Forest Park were respectively surveyed from December 2011 to November 2012. In accordance with the result of principal components analysis of 12 vegetation variables, the vegetation in the two parks was grouped into 8 types including T type （habitat with developed tree layer）, S type （habitat with developed shrub layer）, G type （habitat with developed ground cover layer）, T＋S type （habitat with developed tree layer and shrub layer）, T＋G type （habitat with developed tree layer and ground cover layer）, S＋G type （habitat with developed shrub layer and ground cover layer）, T＋S＋G type （habitat with complex vegetation structure）, D type （disturbed habitat）. Chi-square test suggested that the S type and T＋S type habitat in Binjiang Forest Park was significantly more abundant than those in Century Park while G type and T＋G type habitat in Century Park was significantly more abundant than those in Binjiang Forest Park. Developed tree layer habitat was abundant both in the two parks and More than 70% of the bird richness and bird abundance were recorded in these habitat. Bird richness was significantly different in habitat types in Century Park, but the richness difference was not significant in Binjiang Forest Park. There were 24 common bird species in the two parks, which were indicated to have performed higher utility rate in Binjiang Park than those in Century Park in accordance with paired sample t test result. Analysis of the bird richness in common habitat types of the two parks showed that the richness of Muscicapidae in Binjiang Park was significantly higher than that of their counterparts in Century Park. Due to the forgoing, we concluded that （1） trees were one of the most important vegetation components that enhanced the bird species richness and diversity in urban green spaces; （2） shrubs were usually treated as being as important as trees for birds living in urban areas, where they provided some forest birds with nesting sites; （3） ground cover layer provided the ground foraging groups with feeding resources. Our research emphasized that habitat types significantly influenced the structure of bird communities in the urban parks in Shanghai. Therefore, we suggest that hierarchical vegetation types should be adopted while planning and constructing large-scale urban parks so that the bird diversity will be improved. Furthermore, in order to perform higher utility rate of urban birds, diversified shrubs and different kinds of herbaceous plant should be planted under the tree layer.