不同耕作模式对稻田土壤理化性质及经济效益的影响

Effects of Tillage Patterns on Physical and Chemical Properties of Paddy Soils and Economic Efficiency

为研究不同耕作模式对土壤理化性状和作物经济效益的影响,对皖南地区4种典型耕作模式(单季稻种植、油稻轮作、麦稻轮作、烟稻轮作)的土壤和作物产量进行了研究。结果表明:与单季稻种植相比,轮作显著降低了土壤含水量;麦稻轮作和烟稻轮作土壤体积质量显著增加,孔隙度显著降低;麦稻轮作土壤有机质和碱解氮含量分别显著降低35.8%和47.8%;烟稻轮作土壤速效钾含量显著增加68.2%,速效磷含量提高109.5%。油稻轮作和烟稻轮作总产值比单季稻种植分别显著增加35.3%和155.5%。为解决轮作对土壤的不良影响,要注重增施有机肥和秸秆还田以改善土壤体积质量和孔隙度;麦稻轮作应重点解决土壤p H降低的问题;烟稻轮作要减少烟后晚稻的磷肥和钾肥施用量。总体而言,油稻轮作和烟稻轮作是皖南地区维护农田土壤肥力,促进农业可持续发展,实现农业增产增收的重要耕作模式。

To investigate the effects of different tillage patterns on physical and chemical properties of paddy soils and crop economic efficiency, soil and crop yields were investigated and analyzed under four typical tillage patterns （single-cropping rice, rice-oilseed rape rotation, wheat-rice rotation, and tobacco-flee rotation） in Chizhou of southern Ardaui Province. The results showed that compared with single-cropping flee, soil water contents under rotation systems were reduced significantly. Soil bulk densities under the wheat-rice rotation and tobacco-rice rotation were increased significantly, while soil porosity was decreased significantly. Soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents under the wheat-flee rotation were reduced by 35.8% and 47.8%, respectively. Soil available potassium and phosphorus contents under tobacco-rice rotation were increased by 68.2% and 109.5%, respectively. The crop outputs under rice-oilseed rape rotation and tobacco-rice rotation were increased by 35.3% and 155.5%, respectively. To improve soil bulk density and soil porosity under crop rotation, organic fertilizer and straw residue incorporation should be increased, pH decline should focus on wheat-rice rotation, and the application of phosphate and potash fertilizers should be reduced in late rice planting under tobacco-rice rotation. These results indicate that rice-oilseed rape rotation and tobacco-rice rotation are the optimal tillage patterns to preserve soil quality, promote sustainable agricultural ecosystem and agricultural production in southern Anhui Province.