康雍乾时期的奏折制度

Study of Secret Memorial System in the Reigns of Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong

奏折制度产生于康熙时期，在雍正时期受到高度重视，得到充分发展，乾隆时期则进一步完善和规范。奏折从公开到秘密、从非正式文书到正式上行文书的演变过程是奏折制度规范化和法律化的过程。奏折制度具有信息收集、谘询、协商、沟通、监控、指导命令等新功能。它是在特定历史条件下通过制度创新强化信息收集能力的一个政治产物。奏折制度蕴涵着理性决策的因素，有助于提高政府工作效率，加强国家的政务决策能力和政治控制能力。但由于它是为君主服务的，因而也带有君主制度固有的一些弊端。

The secret memorial to the throne as an institution was initiated in the reign of Kangxi,highlihgted and improved in the reign of Yongzheng,and consummated and standardized in the reign of Qianlong.The transformation of the memorial to the throne from open to secret and from unofficial to official is a process of standardization and legalization. The secret memorial institution acquired such functions as information-gathering,consulting,negotiating,commumicating, monitoring,guiding and commanding that open memorial to the throne had not possessed in previous dynasties.As a political product under special historical circumstances,it represents the authorities' efforts to strengthen their information-gathering capacities through institutional renovation.Since it contained facors of rational policy-decision,it played an irreplaceable role in raising the government＇s working efficiency and heightening the state's administrative policy-making and political controlling capabilities.As an instrument of monarchical power centralization,it also displayed the drawbacks inherent in the monarchical system.