4U1Z型振动式马铃薯挖掘机的设计与试验

Design and experiment on 4U1Z vibrating potato digger

为解决南方、西南一二季混作区马铃薯机械化收获问题,针对该地区复杂耕地条件和农艺要求,研究设计了4U1Z型振动式马铃薯挖掘机。阐述了该机器主要结构、工作原理和关键部件的结构设计,对挖掘铲和振动分离筛机构进行运动学分析,理论与仿真相结合,分析整机的稳定性。以作业速度、振动分离筛倾角和振动频率为影响因素,以明薯率、可靠性、伤薯率为评价指标进行田间试验,对影响收获性能的参数进行分析,获得相关最佳参数组合,并与国家行业标准相比较进行验证。结果表明:挖掘铲、振动分离筛相反方向的振动抵消了部分惯性力,提高了机器的稳定性;作业速度为0.8 m/s,振动分离筛倾角为5°,振动频率为10Hz时,试验指标明薯率、可靠性、伤薯率分别为94.89%、93.41%、1.22%,此时挖掘作业效果及机器运行状态较好,收获性能指标满足标准要求。该研究为丘陵山区等小地块马铃薯收获问题提供了解决方案,同时为南方、西南山区间套作及丘陵山地等复杂耕地条件的小型马铃薯挖掘机的研究提供参考。

Potato has become the important food and cash crop.In recent years,potato planting areas have increased gradually in China,reaching more than 8 million hm2 in 2013.Southwestern mountainous area,Inner Mongolia,northwest of China and northeast of China are the main producing areas of potato.The potato planting area in southwestern mountainous area accounts for about a third of the national total area.Because of the characteristics of the terrain in this area,potato grows mainly in hills and mountains.So only small harvest machines can be used to harvest potatoes.So many potato planting areas result in the higher requirements to the harvest performance of potato harvester.According to the characteristics of potato planting in China,the most ways of harvesting potato are two-stage harvesting,so the digging model of potato harvester is common in the domestic potato harvest process and is used in most areas in China.In order to solve the potato mechanization harvesting problem in plots of hilly mountain or other small plots and small breeding field,in view of the key factors affecting the potato harvest in the areas of hill and mountain,like small plots of land,large slope,rocks,we researched and designed the 4U1 Z type of potato digger to solve the related problems.This article described the main structure and working principle of the machine and structure design of key parts.Analysis of kinematics on the digging shovel and vibrating screen mechanism was carried out.The three-dimensional model of the complete machine was established by Solidworks.In Adams/View environment simulation analysis was carried out for the digging shovel and vibrating screen mechanism.We also obtained the relevant images of the kinematics parameters.The theory analysis was combined with simulation analysis method to determine the stability of the machine.Orthogonal test was carried out for the digging shovel and vibrating screen mechanism.The influence factors of field experiment included forward speed,inclination angle of the vibrating screen and vibrational frequency（speed of tractor pto shaft）.Evaluation indices included obvious rate of potato and reliability,injury rate of potato.Using the Design-Expert software,the influencing parameters of harvest performance were analyzed,and the optimized parameters were obtained and verified by comparison with national industry standard.Results indicated that： vibration in the opposite directions offset some of the inertial force,improving the stability of the machine.The test results showed that when forward speed was 0.8 m/s,inclination angle of vibrating screen was 5°,and frequency of vibrating screen was 10 times per second,the obvious rate of potato was 94.89%,the reliability was 93.41%,injury rate of potato was 1.22%,and the effect of digging operation was the best.The research provided a solution of the potato digger to high breakdown rate and difficult mechanized harvesting caused by the terrain characteristics such as small plots of land,large slope and rocks in southwestern mountainous area.Promoting potato industry in the areas of hilly mountain has become large-scale and standardized.It is helpful for farmers to solve problems caused by without proper harvesting machine in the process of the harvest and promote the development of potato production mechanization in China.