换一个角度看民族理论:从“民族-国家”到“国家-民族”的理论转型

A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THEORIES AND POLICIES ON NATIONALITIES: TRANSITION FROM “NATION-STATE” TO “STATE-NATION”

对待中国现行的民族理论和民族政策,很多学者都言必称"民族—国家"理论。对此,我们需要换一个角度来思考。国家和民族之间包括三种具体关系:民族与民族(民族—民族)的关系、民族与国家(民族—国家)的关系和国家与民族(国家—民族)的关系。就国家和民族的关系而言,在探讨民族地区和少数民族发展中,我们需要找回"国家",并在民族理论中给予"国家"居于民族之上的位置。我们认为,在"国家—民族"自上而下关系框架下,国家的角色处于主导地位,而民族则是从属于国家。中央与民族地区和少数民族之间的关系,是通过从中央到地方的"官本位"的"分级管理""属地管理"和"分类管理"等一系列制度化的行政管理体系和实际运作机制来实现的。

＂Nation- state＂is a prevailing concept in contemporary theories and policies on nationalities in China,a multinational country to many scholars. In this paper,the authors suggest that there are three kinds of relations between nation and state,e. g. the relations between different nations,between nations and state,and between state and nations. From the perspective of relations between state and nation,we need to bring ＂state＂back in that state comes first,following by nations. The authors use ＂state- nation＂to illustrate this top- down relation,and declare that state plays a dominant role,and nation is subordinate to the state. This kind of relationship is realized by a series of institutionalized systems including hierarchical management,local management,category management,etc. based on official rank standard.