工资、生产效率与企业出口——基于单位劳动力成本的分析

Wages,Productivity and Firm Export:Based on Unit Labor Costs

在劳动力供给下降、工资逐年上涨的背景下,生产效率提高的幅度超过工资上涨的幅度会导致单位劳动力成本的下降,这意味着制造业整体竞争力得以提升,从而可以激励工业企业更重视国内市场的开拓。文章综合工资和生产率因素,以单位劳动力成本衡量企业的竞争力,基于1998-2007年中国工业企业的面板数据,研究了单位劳动力成本对制造业企业出口密集度的影响。面板固定效应模型和Tobit模型的估计结果显示,单位劳动力成本对企业出口密集度存在显著的正向影响,即单位劳动力成本的下降会抑制企业出口,企业会降低出口密集度并增加产品在国内市场的份额。Heckman选择模型两步法也表明,单位劳动力成本对企业出口的集约边际和扩展边际均存在显著的正向影响,单位劳动力成本下降会导致企业减少出口倾向和出口密集度。

In the background of the decline in labor supply and the increase in wages year by year,the magnitude of the improvement of productivity exceeding the one of wages growth leads to the decrease in unit labor costs, meaning that the overall competitiveness in the manufacturing sector has been improved and industrial enterprises are encouraged to pay more attention to the expansion of domestic market. Considering both wages and pro- ductivity, this paper uses unit labor costs to measure the competitiveness of enterprises and investigates the effect of unit labor costs on export intensity of the manufacturing en- terprises by analyzing the panel data of Chinese industrial enterprises from 1998 to 2007. Panel fixed-effect and Tobit models show that unit labor costs have a significantly positive impact on export intensity, namely the decline in unit labor costs will inhibit export and enterprises would reduce export intensity and increase the domestic market share. The two-step Heckman selection model also shows that there are significantly positive impacts of unit labor costs on the intensive and expansive margins of export and the decline in unit labor costs leads to the reduction in export propensity and export intensity by firms.