水库大坝建设生态补偿标准研究——以三峡工程为例

Research of Eco-compensation Standard of Reservoir Dam Construction: A Case of the Three Gorges Project

运用直接市场法(市场价值法)、替代市场法(机会成本法、影子工程法、影子价格法、恢复费用法)和模拟市场法(条件价值评估法)等资源环境经济价值评价方法,构建了水库大坝建设的经济价值与经济损失评价模型和生态补偿标准评价模型,并进行了三峡工程案例研究。结果表明:1防洪、水力发电产品和水力发电环境效益是三峡工程的主要功能,三者分别占总经济价值的23.64%、46.84%和25.31%;水库泥沙淤积和水库淹没是三峡工程的两个主要负面影响,两者分别占总经济损失的62.78%和13.17%。2三峡工程建设6项正面影响的总经济价值为452.00×108元/a,10项负面影响的总经济损失为87.62×108元/a。3通过选择和明确生态补偿主体和生态补偿对象,并考虑生态补偿主体的经济效益,提出6种生态补偿标准方案;在6种方案中,水电开发业主、中央政府和地方政府均是主要的生态补偿主体,河流生态系统和移民均是主要的生态补偿对象。研究提出:目前应采用第6种生态补偿标准方案,其生态补偿标准为60.99×108元/a。

The economic values and losses evaluation models on reservoir dam construction were constructed by direct market method（market value method）, surrogate market method（such as opportunity cost method, shadow project method, shadow price method and prevention expenditure method） and simulation market method（contingent valuation method）. Then the evaluation models of eco-compensation standard（ECS） were established. Finally the ECS of the Three Gorges Project（TGP） construction was evaluated. The results show that： 1） flood control, hydropower product and environmental benefits of hydropower were the main functions of TGP, which occupied 23.64%, 46.84% and 25.31% of the total economic values respectively. The reservoir sedimentation and reservoir inundation were the main negative effects of TGP, which occupied 62.78% and 13.17% of the total economic losses respectively. 2） The six positive effects＇ economic values of TGP in total was 452.00×10^8yuan/a. The sum of ten negative effects＇ economic losses of TGP was 87.62 × 10^8yuan/a. Six schemes of ECS were proposed on the premise of choosing and identifying eco-compensation subjects and objects, while considering the economic benefits of eco-compensation subjects. In the six schemes, the hydropower development owner and central-local government were the main eco-compensation subjects. The river ecosystem and resettlements were the main eco-compensation objects. The research suggests that the sixth scheme should be recommended currently with the ECS being60.99×10^8yuan/a.