全称量化副词“净”的语义及使用限制

A Semantic Study of the Adverb of Universal Quantification Jingand Constraints on Its Use

本文从形式语义学角度考察副词"净"的语义从而得出一些不同于既往研究的观点。"净"可以看作全称量化副词,它具有内在的排他性特征,并总是右向关联焦点。在此基础上,它可以同时左向关联语义上的复数性成分。"净"可以激发自己的三分结构。仅右向关联时,其三分结构由焦点规则决定;同时左向关联时,其三分结构由两个层次组成:第一个层次由话题规则决定,而第二个层次由焦点规则决定。"净"在语义上要求:(a)断言值与候选项在语义上形成明确的对比,而且它不引出一个相关量级;(b)由焦点规则决定的三分结构中限定部分与核心部分所形成的配对是复数性的。"净"的上述语义特征及要求导致它在使用时受到一定限制。而且,本文分析了"净"与"只""都""总"之间的异同并解释其原因。

Based on previous studies,this paper investigates the semantics of the adverb jing（净）in Mandarin Chinese from the perspective of formal semantics.It is argued that jingcan be treated as an adverb of universal quantification with the inherent property of exclusiveness,and always associates with focus to its right.On the basis of rightward association,jingcan associate with a semantically plural element to its left simultaneously.Jingcan trigger a tripartite structure.In the case of rightward association,the tripartite structure triggered is determined by the focus rule;in the case of both rightward and leftward association,the relevant sentence has partitioning on two levels：the first level is determined by the topic rule and the second level by the focus rule.The occurrence of jing requires that（a）the asserted value obviously contrasts with its alternatives in semantics,with jingnot relating to scales;（b）the pairings formed by the restrictor and the nuclear scope in the tripartite structure,which is determined by the focus rule,are plural.Due to the above-mentioned semantic properties and requirements,jinghas some constraints on its use.Moreover,this paper explores the similarities and differences between jingand zhi/dou/zongand the underlying reasons as well.