我国部分地区农村集中式供水单位卫生管理调查

Hygienic management status of rural drinking water supply in some areas of China

目的了解我国部分地区农村集中式供水设施的基本情况和卫生管理状况。方法根据地区代表性原则,于2014年按分层随机抽样的方法调查了6个省(市)的403座农村集中式供水单位的供水工艺和卫生管理状况。结果 403座水厂中,日供水规模小于1 000 m3/d的占79.4%(320/403),有54.8%(221/403)的水厂不具备任何处理工艺,有81.6%(329/403)的水厂未开展水质检测,有60.5%(244/403)的水厂无消毒设施;农村水厂卫生许可持证率为25.3%(102/403),且不同规模及地区的持证率不同;取得卫生许可证的水厂中有31.4%(32/102)不具备任何处理工艺,42.2%(43/102)未开展水质检测,21.6%(22/102)无消毒设施;有水质检测报告的水厂中有22.9%(22/96)出厂水检测结果不合格。结论持有卫生许可证水厂的卫生管理情况较好,但仍存在处理工艺不完整、无水质检测能力、缺少涉水产品卫生批件和水质合格率低等情况。应制定针对农村水厂特点的卫生许可技术标准并建立风险管理机制,以提高农村水厂卫生管理效果。

Objectives To analyze the determinants of water quality for rural centralized drinking water supply based on survey of hygienic management situation. Methods A total of 403 rural centralized drinking water supplies in six provinces （municipalities） were surveyed on its water treatment procedure and hygienic management, which were selected according to stratified random sampling and regional representativeness. Results The number of rural water supply with capacity lower than 1 000 mZ/d accounted for 79.4% （320/403） and the proportion of rural water supply without proper water treatment facilities, water testing capacity and disinfection equipment was 54.8% （221/403）, 81.6% （329/403） and 60.5% （244/403） respectively; 25.3%（102/403） of the surveyed rural water supply had hygienic certificates of local authority and this ratio was significant difference while water supply capacity and region were considered; The proportion of the certified rural water supply without proper water treatment facilities, water testing capability, disinfection equipment was 31.4% （32/102）, 42.2% （43/102） and 21.6% （22/102） respectively, and 22.9% （22/96） of the finished water from water supply with self-detection report could not meet national standard completely. Conclusion Hygienic management of certified rural water supply is better in the investigated areas, there still are some issues to be resolved, such as incomplete water treatment facility, unqualified water testing capability, employment of unqualified drinking water treatment equipment or material and unqualified water quality.