无辜者何以被怀疑——警察辨别真伪陈述能力的认知-行为研究述评

Why the Innocent Is Doubted:an Overview of the Capacity of Police on Deception Detection

警察一直被认为是识别谎言的专家,注重嫌疑人的非言词行为也是中外侦查讯问的重要技巧。但近年来,域外认知-行为科学研究所揭示的一系列证据表明,使用非言词行为来判断对象是否说谎的准确度很差。这种传统讯问技巧对谎言识别还可能起反作用,使得在一些实验中,警察判断对象是否说谎的准确度甚至还不如大学生或囚犯被试。使用非言词行为来判断对象是否说谎的培训和经验也不能在较大程度上提高识别谎言能力。目前,认知-行为科学已经开始了对新的讯问过程设计,新的讯问方法和技巧等的研究。在侦查领域引介认知-行为研究,不仅有助于推动实验方法在国内司法认知与决策领域的拓展,启发国内法学(律)界认真对待传统讯问技巧的局限,而且,也有利于国内错案研究在制度-实践维度以外,重视认知-行为因素的重要性。毕竟,警察在侦查初期辨别真伪陈述的精确度直接影响着对无辜者/真实罪犯的怀疑程度和追诉强度。

Being considered as an expert on deception detection, the police pay much attention to non-verbal communications of suspects while interrogating suspects. This notion and practice have been tested by cognitive-behavioral scientists in western countries in recent years. They find that neither police could do well as common people nor the non-verbal signals are helpful to deception detection. An increasing amount of data reveal that the reason the police could not perform well on deception detection, or even do worse than some groups （for example, undergraduate students, prisoners） is probably that they are more influenced by the traditional interrogatory techniques than other groups. The introduction of the new findings on the field of deception detection into Chinese legal academy is not only beneficial to the advancement of experimental method in Chinese legal studies on judicial decision making, but also makes scholars and practitioners notice the restriction of the traditional interrogatory methods. As the accuracy of the deception detection of the police in the early stage of investigation affects the probability to what extent the innocent will be doubted and consequently investigated, the factors related to judicial cognition ad behavior should be attached more importance to in the analysis of wrongful conviction.