生命的自然性与大自然——论列夫·托尔斯泰的小说《哥萨克》及其人物形象

Naturalness of Life and the Nature: On the Characters in Leo Tolstoy's Cossacks

自然之子和文明之子的对立是中篇小说《哥萨克》的基调,这一基调不仅反映作家的世界观,即他于物质文明对人的消极影响所持的否定态度,而且也折射出其自然生命观。托尔斯泰认为,大自然是一种至善,人是自然的一部分,所以他身上也同样具有至善的因素;人接受大自然的濡染熏陶,可以远离物质文明所带来的恶,自身保有更多的自然善。小说中人那些焕发着生命自然性的自然之子,无一不深刻地体现出内在的自然善与外在完美大自然的有机统一。

The conflict between sons of nature and sons of civilization is the keynote of Tolstoy＇s nouvelle Cossacks. This keynote not only reflects the author＇s view of the world, specifically, his negative attitude against the insidious impact of material civilization upon human＇s soul, but also indirectly demonstrates the author＇s natural philosophy of life. Tolstoy believes that the nature is ultimate good, and as a part of the nature, human beings also possess the goodness of the nature. By bathing in the nature＇s goodness and being far from the evils of material civilization, one can preserve such natural goodness. Starting from this philosophy, Tolstoy makes all the sons of nature in this nouvelle be those who profoundly realize the organic unity of goodness of inner nature and perfect goodness of the outer nature.