我国北方立体种养殖稻田氮素利用率研究

Nitrogen use efficiency in stereoscopic planting rice field in North China

针对目前我国北方地区农业面源污染严重、氮肥利用率低的现象,选择北方典型稻区——天津市宝坻水稻种植区为研究区,以整个稻田生态系统为基本研究单元,建立氮素输入和输出模型,并以水稻普通种植模式（CK,水稻单作）为对照进行田间试验,研究水稻立体种养殖模式（RF,水稻-鱼-虾-蟹共作＋田埂＋沟渠）氮素的吸收利用率。结果表明,两种水稻种植模式氮素的输入主要来自灌溉、施肥和降雨,其中RF输入氮肥128.25 kg（N）·hm^-2,与CK相比减少11.75 kg（N）·hm^-2,与南方种植水稻地区相比,氮肥施用量减少14%-52%,RF从源头减少氮素输入,降低了营养元素流失风险。CK氮素的输出主要包括土壤固定、氨挥发、侧渗流失和水稻吸收,RF与CK相比,氮素的输出还包括鱼虾蟹的吸收,由于RF特殊的田埂-沟渠生态净化系统,通过侧渗损失的氮素（以NO3--N为主）较CK减少9.33 kg（N）·hm^-2。试验期间,RF和CK氨累积挥发量分别为8.91kg（N）·hm^-2和21.54 kg（N）·hm^-2,RF氨挥发速率为6.9%,比CK低8.5%,比全国平均水平低10.3%;收获期,RF与CK相比,水稻产量增加6.65%,表明稻田养殖鱼虾蟹不会降低水稻产量。RF氮素利用率为64.3%,比CK高19.7%,既实现了水稻丰产,又减少了氮素流失。因此,在满足水稻灌溉需求的北方地区,可以开展水稻立体种养殖模式,以控制北方地区农业面源污染。

To control serious agricultural non-point source pollution and improve use efficiency of nitrogen（N） fertilizer in North China, this study investigated nitrogen use efficiency in different planting patterns of paddy fields in a typical rice cultivation zone in Baodi of Tianjin City. With an entire paddy field ecosystem as the basic research unit, N migration and transformation model in paddy field was established based on N input and output. In order to explore N uptake and use efficiency in conventional rice field pattern（CK： rice monoculture） and stereoscopic planting rice field pattern（RF： rice-fish-shrimp-crab co-culture ＋ bund ＋ ditch）, a field experiment was conducted to analyze the characteristics of N input and N output. The differences in N use efficiency and yield of rice between two paddy planting patterns were investigated too. Results showed that N input of two rice field patterns was mainly from irrigation, fertilization and precipitation. N input from fertilizer in RF system was 128.25 kg（N）·hm^-2, 11.75 kg（N）·hm^-2 less than that of CK, and was 14%-52% less than that of other rice planting regions in South China. In RF system, N input at source was limited, thus reducing the risk of nutrient loss. N output of CK system was composed of soil fixation, ammonia volatilization, N loss via lateral seepage, and crop N uptake. In addition to components of N output of CK, N output of RF system contained N absorptions by fishes, shrimps and crabs. Due to special bund-ditch ecological purification in RF system, N loss through lateral seepage dropped by 9.33 kg（N）·hm^-2 and NO3--N was the main form of lateral seepage. N loss via ammonia volatilization in RF and CK systems was 8.91 kg·hm^-2 and 21.54 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Ammonia volatilization rate in RF system accounted for 6.9% of total amount of applied fertilizer, which was 8.5% less than that in CK and 10.3% less than the national average. Compared with CK, RF system harvested 6.65% higher rice yield. N uptake by rice and aquatic materials was 271.72 kg（N）·hm^-2 in RF system, 255.05 kg（N）·hm^-2 in CK system. The results suggested that breeding fishes, shrimps and crabs did not reduced rice yield. N use efficiency in RF system reached 64.3%, which was 19.7% higher than that in CK. RF not only achieved high rice yield, but also reduced N loss in paddy fields. Therefore stereoscopic planting rice field was feasible in North China where irrigation demands were well met. This study provided a critical reference for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in North China.