康熙十八年博学鸿儒科的现实目的及历史意义

The Realistic Purpose and Historical Significance of the Examination of Erudition and Literature in the Year 18^(th) of Emperor Kangxi

满清统治者创建王朝、入主中原的过程,是一个由武功主导走向文治主导的战略布局。到了博学鸿儒科的诏开,这一战略布局得以基本完成。康熙十八年博学鸿儒科的举办,不仅是吸收人才,也不仅是争取民心(士民之心),更重要的是争取满清王朝统治的合法性与正当性;确切说,是满清作为异族入主中原、秉承正统、承续法统的历史迫切性所致;也是对已有的汉文人效忠者进行体制化、典范化,争取汉文士对新朝法理正统的认可与遵奉;从而促使汉士人心态/立场/身份的转型完成。

The strategy of Manchu rulers in their early reign was to transform violence and repression to cultural reconstruction. It was successful when ＂Examination of Erudition and Literature＂ （博学鸿儒科） hold in the 18th year of Emperor Kangxi. The purpose of the examination was not only to attract talents and to win popular support, but more importantly for the legitimacy of the Qing dynasty. As foreign ruler of Central China, it was an obligation to seek legitimacy for stable control. Meanwhile, Hart literati was institutionalized as loyalists to recognize the new legal orthodoxy, they were consequently prompted to shift on mentality and identity.