德国行政形式选择自由理论与实践

Theory and Practice of Free Choice of Administration Mode in Germany

行政形式选择自由是德国法中一个古老的问题。相关学说随着时代变迁而不断发展,先后经历了"国库行政"和"行政私法"阶段,现今又受到"新行政法学"的影响。各派学说交锋的核心始终集中于行政形式选择自由存在的前提以及应受到何种限制两大问题。目前,行政形式选择自由已被德国学界普遍认同,且将合宪性作为其存在的基本前提之一。而在法律实践中,立法者和行政者均享有行政形式选择自由,当行政者选择以私法形式完成行政任务时,除适用私法外,还需受到公法之补充适用。行政形式选择自由学说对正处于转型期的我国行政法亦具有重要的启发意义。

The free choice of administration mode is an ancient issue in German law and related theories develop with changing times, from ＇exchequer administration＇ and ＇administrative private law＇ to the current ones affected by ＇the new administrative law＇. The discussion focuses on two topics, i.e. its existence premise and the restrictions. Now, this theory is commonly accepted in Germany and the constitutionality is regarded as one of the fundamentalpremises. In legal practice, both the lawmaker and the administrator have the freedom of choice, and once the mode of private law is chosen the public law should also be applied as supplement besides the private law. This theory is also of much enlightening significance for the transition of Chinese administrative law.