水肥互作对小麦—玉米周年产量及水分利用率的影响

Effects of Water-Fertilizer Interaction on Yield and Anniversary Water Use Efficiency of Wheat and Corn

为探明小麦—玉米周年水肥利用效率,在通许县壤质潮土区开展了小麦—玉米周年水肥一体化研究,氮（N）肥设置0、180、90＋90、135＋45、270、135＋135、360、180＋180、180＋90＋90kg/hm28种运筹模式,灌水（W）量设置225、450、675 m^3/（hm^2·次）3个水平,以期为粮食高产和水肥高效利用提供科学依据。结果表明,水肥一体化对小麦、玉米的生长发育具有积极效果,与不施肥的相应对照相比,小麦株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒质量以及玉米穗行数、行粒数、穗粗、穗长、5穗籽粒质量和百粒质量均有所增加,其中小麦各生育性状以N180＋90＋90-W675处理表现最好,玉米各生育性状总体以N180＋180-W675处理表现最好。在同等氮肥用量的情况下,分期施肥处理的产量和灌水利用率均高于一次性施肥处理。其中,小麦产量和小麦—玉米综合产量的变化趋势一致,均以N180＋90＋90-W675处理最高,分别较相应对照增产25.42%和28.43%;玉米产量则以N180＋180-W675处理最高,较相应对照增产33.21%。在不考虑土壤水和降水的情况下,小麦、玉米和小麦—玉米综合的灌水利用率均以小灌水量最高,其中小麦和小麦—玉米综合的灌水利用率分别较对照提高0.75~3.40 kg/m^3和1.13~6.14 kg/m^3;玉米灌水利用率除N180＋180-W450处理较对照有所减少外,其他处理较对照提高1.72~11.14 kg/m^3。

In order to study the anniversary water and fertilizer use efficiency of wheat and corn,the expe- riment of water and fertilizer interaction in wheat-corn cropping system was carried on the loamy soil in Tongxu county, which included kinds of fertilizer（N） application models（0,180,90 ＋ 90,135 ＋ 45,270, 135 ＋ 135,360,180 ＋ 180,180 ＋ 90 ＋ 90 kg/ha） and three irrigation（W） levels（225,450,675 m^3/ha per time） , so as to provide scientific basis for high grain yield and efficient utilization of water and fertili- zer. The results showed that the integrated management of water and fertilizer had a positive role on growth and development of wheat and corn. Compared with the corresponding control, the plant height, ear length, number of grains per spike, spikelets and 1 000-grain-weight of wheat, and the rows per ear,grain number per row, ear diameter, ear length, grain-weight of five ears and 100-grain-weight of corn in- creased, the best for wheat was the treatment with basal fertilizer of 180 kg/ha plus twice topdressing of 90 kg/ha and irrigation of 675 m^3/ha per time （ N180 ＋90 ＋90-W675 ） , and the best for corn was the treatment with basal fertilizer of 180 kg/ha plus once topdressing of 180 kg/ha and irrigation of 675 m^3/ha per time （N180＋180-W675）. Under the same N fertilizer application amount,the yield and irrigation use efficiency of the treatments with split fertilization were higher than that of the treatments with one-time fertilization. At the same time, the yield of wheat had the same change tendency as the comprehensive yield of wheat- corn,the treatment Ni80＋90＋90.W675 had the highest wheat yield and comprehensive yield of wheat and corn,which increased by 25.42% and 28.43% respectively compared to the corresponding control. For corn, the treatment N180＋180-W675 had the highest yield,which increased by 33.21% compared to the cor- responding control. Without consideration of soil water and precipitation, the irrigation use efficiency of wheat, corn and wheat-corn were the highest under the small irrigation volume, compared with the corre- sponding control,which increased by 0.75--3.40 kg/m3and 1.13--6.14 kg/m3 respectively; except the treatment with 180 kg/ha basal fertilizer plus once topdressing of 180 kg/ha and irrigation of 450 m^3/ha per time,the irrigation use efficiency of corn increased by 1.72--11.14 kg/m^3 compared with the corre- sponding control.