从“市场社会”到“社会市场经济”——对20世纪西欧资本主义的考察

From “Market Society” to “Social Market Economy”—— A Study on the Development of Capitalism in 20th Century Western Europe

卡尔·波兰尼分析了19世纪到20世纪上半叶的资本主义发展,揭示出市场如何从一种原来嵌入在社会内部的经济关系,演变为"自我调节的市场经济",从而把本来不是商品的劳动力、土地、货币变为商品,演变为"市场社会",最后走向崩溃的过程。他提出20世纪的历史任务是在个人自由和市场经济的基础上怎样重建一个属于人的社会。第二次世界大战以后,联邦德国按照"社会和解"的理念,在不同的意识形态中寻找共同点,以个人自由和社会公正这双重价值为核心,建立起"社会市场经济",这是一种涵盖经济、政治、社会、伦理的制度设计,在保留个人自由与责任、市场经济效率的同时,用"社会"来统合不同的阶层与群体,规制市场经济,努力实现社会合作与社会团结,把共同富裕作为自己的目标。从"社会""市场社会"到"社会市场经济"的否定之否定,对理解19—20世纪资本主义的发展和建立"社会主义市场经济"提供了启示。

Based on analysis of the development of capitalism in late 19th century to early 20th century, Karl Polanyi showed how market was transformed from an embedded relationship with a boclety to self regulating market economy of today. This process commodifies labor, land, and currency and leads to a market society. Polanyi believes market society will eventually collapse. Therefore, according to him, the historical challenge to be counted in the 20th century is how to rebuild a humane society with individual freedom based on a market economy. After WWII, the development of Western Germany took on this challenge and tried to find a common ground among opposing ideologies. The idea of social reconciliation （Soziale Irenik ） represents an effort to build a ＂Social Market Economy＂ with dual emphasis on individual freedom and social justice. This idea embraces institutional design encompassing economic, political, social ethic and social aspects of the society. It tries to use ＂Society＂ to incorporate different social classes and groups, regulating market economy at the same time retain individual freedom and social responsibility. It aimed at social cooperation and solidarity, and eventually collective prosperity. From ＂Society＂ to ＂Market Society＂ and ＂Social Market Economy＂, this negation of negation provides implications for our understanding of 19th and 20th century development of capitalism in West Europe and ultimately shed light on how to develop market economy with socialistic characteristics in China.