清末汉字汉语变革方案及其对国语建设的影响

Chinese Characters Reform Program and Its Significance of Linguistics in Late Qing

晚清时期,在日益强大的西方和日益衰落的中国的大背景下,与西方语言相比,汉语被认为有两个明显的缺陷:一是汉字繁难,二是汉语言文分裂。清末语言学领域汉字汉语改革主要就是为了解决这两个问题,其基本的方案就是在汉字以外创造切音字、简字或快字等。清末语言学领域对于汉字汉语改革的态度大致可以划分为两种倾向,一种是保守的,主张在汉语文言文体系之外另建立一种汉语白话体系,在汉字之外另创立简字;一种是激进的,主张废除汉字和汉语,改用"万国新语",但不管是保守的方案还是激进的方案,都是理论上的,并且理论上也是很粗浅的,很难实施。清末语言学讨论汉字汉语变革问题,已经深入涉及到白话文的问题,但遗憾的是并没有深入地讨论这个问题。

Compared with Western languages, Chinese is considered to have two obvious defects： First, Chinese characters are troublesome,the second is Chinese characters are divisive, in late Qing, Chinese characters reform in the linguistic field is mainly to solve these two problems, the basic solution is to create phonetic Chinese alphabet, simplified spelling or fast words outside of the Chinese characters, etc.The attitude of Linguistic field for Chinese characters reform in late Qing can be roughly divided into two kinds of tendency, one kind is conservative, claims to build another Chinese vernacular system outside of Chinese classical system and to create simplified spelling outside of the Chinese characters;the other is radical, advocating the abolition of Chinese characters and Chinese language in favor of ＂universal language＂, however whether conservative programs or radical programs, both of them are theoretical, and in theory is very superficial,besides, it is difficult to implement. In Linguistic field, the reform of Chinese characters has been discussed in late Qing and it has been deeply involved in the vernacular problem,but unfortunately did not discuss this issue in depth.