从“学为圣人”到“敦本善俗”——论张载的教化思想

Zhang Zai's Civilization Thoughts: From "Learning as the Saints" to "the Good Custom"

从北宋的社会现实出发,张载在吸收前人研究成果的基础上,建立了由个体到社会既有理论系统又有实践层面的教化思想。张载将教化分为个体与社会两个层面。个体层面以气本论为根基,提出天地之性与气质之性的人性二分论以融合孟子与荀子的人性思想,通过内在的变化气质与实践的行礼两个相辅相成的方面,建立了个体学为圣人的教化目标。社会层面则通过圣人以礼为教、重建宗法两个方面实现敦本善俗的教化目标。

Bases on the social reality of the Song Dynasty, Chang Tsai assimilated achievements of previous studies, and then established the social civilizing idea which endows with both theoretical system and practice level based on the realm from individual level to social level. Chang divided indoctrination into two levels： the individual level and the social level. In terms of the individual level, based on the ontology of material force, he put forward human nature dichotomy which comprises both the nature of world and nature of substantiation so as to blend thoughts on humanity of Mencius and Hsun Tzu. By absorbing the complementary aspects including internal changes in temperament and practice, he set a civilizing goal： the individual learns to be a sage. In terms of social level, keeping honest and sincerity as the basis and making improvements on folk customs are set as the civilizing goal, which can be realized through sages＇ etiquette -oriented education and reconstruction of patriarchal clan system.