从《夷坚志》看宋代农村的雇佣劳动

On Wage Labor in the Countryside of Song Dynasty in Yi Jian Zhi

南宋著名学者洪迈编撰的《夷坚志》,是一部搜罗广博、卷帙浩繁、内容宏富、气象万千的志怪小说集,蕴含大量宋代社会经济、生活珍贵资料,史料价值极高。缺少生产资料,出卖劳动力获取些许收入维持生计,是农民的不二选择,《夷坚志》记载了宋代农民基于各种原因出卖劳动力以维持生计的种种形式,遍及生产、生活各个领域。受城市手工业及社会经济发展整体水平局限,宋代农村雇佣劳动多分布于非生产性领域。雇佣劳动者"薄有赀业",靠出卖动力补充生计,决定了宋代农村雇佣劳动的封建属性。雇主与雇佣劳动者普遍形成以"雇值"为纽带雇佣与被雇佣的关系,雇主按日、或按月以货币形式付给雇佣劳动者"雇值"。雇佣劳动者身份相对自由,对雇主的人身依附关系相对较弱,可随时脱离雇主另觅出路。世俗、舆论对雇佣劳动者的鄙视,表明宋代农村雇佣劳动者社会地位总体比较低下。

Yi Jian Zhi, was written by Hong Mai, the famous scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty, and it is a marvelous clas- sical novel featured ghost stories, consisting of extensive phenomena about social economy and routine life of Song Dynasty. And it is of great historical value. Offering labor for sale to survive is the only choice for peasants being lack of producer goods. Many ways were introduced in Yi Jian Zhi, throughout the fields of production process and routine life. The employed labor force was distributed into non-productive area because of the limitation of the whole developing level of urban handicraft industry and social economy. Wage labor sold the labor force for lack of living material to support their families, which determines the feudal quality of wage labor in the countryside of Song Dynasty. The employment relationship had been formed between employer and wage labor, characterized with employment value： employer paid wage labor every day, or every month with cash. Labor just was paid and he was free and without personal bondage to employer. Wage labor could leave employer anytime. Wage labor was despised in society that indicated its social status very low.