《周易》战伐之事考论——以《师》卦为中心的儒家军事思想探讨

Textual Research on the Views of War and Punitive Expedition in the Zhou Changes:Confucian Thought on Military Affairs Focally Manifested in the Hexagram Shi [■]

《周易》虽是占筮之书,但也记载了许多战伐之事,遍涉战争性质、出师名义、攻守情势、战略决策、战术选择、行军纪律、作战地形、军事技能、赏罚奖惩等方面,从而构成研究周代军事历史的重要史料。透过兑卦、比卦,反战、厌战情绪跃然纸上,远离战争、回归和平是《周易》最基本的价值要求。《师》卦是周代的一部兵法总纲。六爻卦辞分别讲述用兵打仗的规律,强调用兵须正,出师有名,点将、择帅也要正,这才是带领兵众克敌制胜之道。《同人》卦则是周代部族战争曲折过程的真实记录。

Although the Book of Changes is a book of divination, it also recorded many affairs concerning war and punitive expeditions extensively related to the nature of war, the reason for punitive expeditions, the situations of defense and attack, strategy-making, tactical choices, march discipline, operation terrain, military technology, rewards and punishments, and so on, constituting important historical materials for us to study the military history of the Zhou dynasty （1045-256 BCE）. Hexagrams Dui [ Joy, 58] and Bi [ Closeness, 8] vividly exhibit anti-war and war-weary sentiments, and keeping distance from war and returning to peace were a basic value orientation of the Zhou Changes. Hexagram Shi [ The Army, 7] was a master plan for the art of war, the six line statements of which respectively recount the law for war and employment of military forces it emphasized justice and validity of war as well as the correct choice of the commanders as the right way for winning victory over the enemy. Hexagram Tongren , Fellowship, 13] was an authentic record of the convoluted processes of war of the tribe of Zhou.