从均等到公平:美国教育平等理念的嬗变——基于20世纪70年代以来美国基础教育财政诉讼的视角

From Average to Equity:Concept's Evolution of American Educational Equality——Based on the American Financial Litigation about Basic Education Since the1970s

20世纪70年代,美国基础教育财政诉讼如雨后春笋般在美国各州开始涌现,并经历了从"均等"到"公平"的发展阶段,体现了社会公众关于教育平等理念的嬗变。"充足教育"的理念深刻影响着美国基础教育的财政政策,使之在财政拨款以学生需求为导向、测算拨款充足的方法多样性、拨款充足有具体的公平标准几方面对我们有所启示。

Financial litigations about basic education sprout in the United States in the 1970s and experienced the stage from ＂average＂ to ＂equity＂, which contained the public concept＇s evolution of American educational equality. The concept of ＂adequate education＂ have influenced the fiscal policies of the American basic education profoundly, which have implications in the following aspects： financial allocations＇ dependence on students＇ demand; diversity estimate methods of adequate funding; specific fairness standards of adequate funding.