清初博学鸿儒群体的心态流变——以李因笃为中心

The Change of Profound Scholars' Mentality in Early Qing Dynasty——An Analysis Centralized with Li Yindu

清初博学鸿儒群体中不乏具有遗民情结者,其心态虽因入京参加考试而发生转变,但并非简单地以"今我"完全代替"故我",而是呈现出新旧交融并存的特征。其中,李因笃尤具代表性。康熙十七年入京之前,他受外祖家诸长辈的影响,安于穷贱,坚决不仕,行迹与遗民相近。入京后,一方面,由于遗民情结的浓厚,他流露出强烈的思归心理,并积极想法离京;另一方面,由于亲身感受到清廷的眷顾,他对新朝的态度有明显松动,对康熙帝的德业与事功不乏称颂。但他始终坚持不仕,晚年对应征之举亦不无愧疚。二者交织混杂,显现出其后期心态的复杂多元。这一特征,为诸多深具遗民情怀的博学鸿儒所共有,也反映出清廷统治政策调整所取得的实际效果和限度。

There existed many persons with adherent complex among profound scholars（＂Boxuehongru＂group）in early Qing Dynasty.Although their mentality changed apparently due to participate in the examination,they didn＇t abandon completely original themselves,showing a coexistence of the blend of old and new features.Among them,Li Yindu,was a very typical scholar.Kangxi seventeen years,Li Yindu went to Peking and took part in ＂Boxuehongru＂examination.Before that,he was influenced by the elders of maternal grandfather,got used to poor life,resolutely denied to become an official,which was similar to adherents of Ming Dynasty.After that,on one hand,as a result of adherent complex,he showed intense nostalgia,and took efforts to leave the capital;on the other hand,because of the providence of imperial government,his attitude to the new government changed obviously,paid tribute to KangXi＇s morality and enterprise.However,he refused to serve the government all the time,ashamed and uneasy to the taking of the exam.This two part combined to reveal his multiple mentality.This feature was shared by＂Boxuehongru＂who had adherent feelings,reflecting the actual effect and limitation of the ruling policy adjustment of Qing Dynasty.