中古时代滨海地域的“水上人群”

People "Living on the Water" in Coastal Regions in Middle Antiquity

汉晋南北朝文献中的"海上人",指在滨海地域与岛屿上生存、活动的人群,其中在近海水域流动漂泊、驾船养鸟以捕鱼的水上人家,多未被纳入王朝国家的控制体系。唐代在东南沿海水域生存、活动的水上人群,被称为"游艇子",其纳入版籍者或称为"夷户",被征发服役的"白丁便水者",俗称"白水郎"。海螺姑娘的故事,以及东陵圣母、东海圣姑等神祗从海中乘船而至的传说,折射出近海水上人群上岸的历史过程。"漂移的罗浮山"之类的故事,则隐喻着滨海人群沿着海岸的移动。滨海人群的"入海"意味着脱离王朝国家的控制;"浮海"意味着居止于船上,捕鱼养殖,随时移徙;"上岸"则意味着纳入不同类型的官府版籍,三者构成了中古时代滨海人群活动的基本形态。

In the literature of the Han,Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties,the term 'sea people'(海上人) referred to groups active on the coastal regions or islands.Most of those who roamed along the coastal waters,rearing birds to help their fishing,were beyond the control of the imperial state.In the Tang Dynasty,the sea people of the southeast coastal regions were called 'you ting zi'(游艇子boatmen).Those who were registered officially were called 'yi hu'(夷户 barbarian households),and those who were conscripted for corvee labor were called 'bai ding bian shui zhe'(白丁便水者 civilian seamen) or 'bai shui lang'(白水郎 fishermen).The'Story of the Conch Girl' and legends recounting the advent of the goddesses from the sea by boat,including 'Sacred Mother of Dongling,' and 'Sacred Maiden from the Eastern Sea,' reflect the historical process by which the sea people gradually settled on land.Stories like 'Floating Luofu Mountain' were metaphors for migration along the coast.Among the coastal dwellers,'going to sea' referred to going beyond the reach of the government;'floating at sea' referred to living on houseboats and catching and breeding fish;and 'going ashore' meant being registered on various government records.Together,these three constituted the basic way of life of coastal dwellers during middle antiquity.