国民政府“扶植自耕农”问题研究

The Nationalist Government's "Fostering Peasant Proprietors"

"扶植自耕农"是国民政府抗战时期和抗战后实行的一项重要的土地改革政策。"扶植自耕农"思想来源于孙中山的平均地权思想,其理论与方法借鉴了欧美国家土地改革的经验。20世纪三四十年代,中国土地问题日益突出,社会矛盾尖锐,国民政府开始在政策和制度上进行土地改革的设计。1942年划定扶植自耕农试验区,开始实施扶植自耕农耕作。在扶植自耕农试验区,实现了平均地权,农村社会经济也发生变化。因受国民党政权性质、社会惯性和国民党权贵与官僚阶层反对等因素的影响,抗战时期国民政府的土地改革没有在全国展开。抗战胜利后,在试验区土地改革取得的经验基础上以及国民党面临的政权危机,促使国民政府加大执行土地改革的政策力度,并有实行全国土地改革的意图。但随着国民党在大陆统治的结束,"扶植自耕农"主张者所倡导的土地改革也随之夭折。

'Fostering peasant proprietors'(自耕农 zi geng nong) was one of the important land reform policies adopted by the Nationalist government during and after the War against Japanese Aggression.The idea originated from Sun Yat-sen's theory of equalizing land rights and drew on the theories and methods of land reform in Europe and America.In the 1930 s and 1940 s,as the land issue became more prominent and social conflict intensified,the government began to draw up land reform policies and institutions.In 1942,it designated a trial zone for fostering peasant proprietors and began to implement this program.Rights to land were equalized,bringing social and economic change to rural areas.Due to the nature of the Kuomintang regime,social inertia,and the opposition of bureaucrats and the top echelons of the Kuomintang,the reforms failed to be introduced nationwide during the War against Japanese Aggression period.After victory of the war,the Nationalist government,based on the experience gained in the trial area and taking into account the regime crisis faced by the Kuomintang,intensified its efforts to implement land reform policies and planned to expand them nationwide.When the Kuomintang lost power on the mainland,the land reform for 'fostering peasant proprietors' met a premature end.