美国高等教育绩效拨款政策的形成过程及政策网络分析——以田纳西州为个案

Policy Process of Higher Education Performance Funding Policy in the U.S.:A Case Study of Tennessee

绩效拨款是美国近年来兴起的一种高等教育拨款方式。本文以田纳西州为案例,分析了田纳西州两个不同的绩效拨款政策——PBF政策和OBF政策。研究发现,PBF政策和OBF政策在政策网络、政策发生的动力机制等方面存在较大的差异。PBF政策采纳的动力来源于高等教育系统内部,类似于一个由内而外的政策过程。整个政策网络的中心度和整合度较高,高等教育委员会扮演了政策网络中心的角色。而在OBF政策中,政策网络相对开放,外部力量(州长和外部政策企业家)成为推动政策网络发展的中心,而高等教育委员会成为沟通政策目标和政策内容/执行两个网络的桥梁。这两种不同的政策网络与制度环境的变化息息相关,并对政策实施结果产生了不同影响。

Performance funding is a new funding model of higher education in the U.S.in recent years.This study analyzed the policy networks of two different performance funding programs in Tennessee,and found that the two programs were differ from each other on policy networks and their driving forces.The performance funding policy was driven by the needs of higher education system;it's an inside-out process.The policy networks were highly centralized and integrated.Tennessee Higher Education Commission(THEC) was the center of the network.As for outcome based funding policy,the policy networks were open,and some external actors(such as the governor and policy entrepreneurs) became the center of the networks.THEC worked as a 'bridge' in the network.These two kinds of networks were formed by different institutional environment while interstate policy entrepreneurs played an important role in the process.