德沃金对疑难案件问题的探讨及其学理争论——一种知识考古学的分析视角

Dworkin's Discussion and Scientific Principle Controversy of Hard Cases Problems——From the Analytical Perspective of Archaeology of Knowledge

针对疑难案件问题提出的观点和学说是战后法理学研究的重要内容,这种研究动向发端于德沃金,源自当时的历史传统和社会渊源,并成为法学理论关注的重点与核心。德沃金对疑难案件的探讨是借助其法律解释理论的基本框架而展开论述的,并建立在批判性继承现实主义法学和实证分析法学的基础之上。具体而言,德沃金的疑难案件理论主要包括以下内容:其一是对原则的确证和强调,其二是建构性解释和唯一正解,其三是以赫尔克勒斯为标准设立的裁判形象。与此同时,哈特和波斯纳等学者都对疑难案件问题表达出各自的深刻见解,并与德沃金有过多次学理论战。关注疑难案件理论的发展过程有助于补充并完善其内容建构,并将对相关问题的有效解决产生重要而深远的影响。

Opinions and theories put forward,which are aimed at hard cases problems,are important contents of post-war jurisprudence research.The research trend originated from Dworkin and started with historical traditions and social origins of those days,and became key point and core focused by jurisprudence theories.Dworkin＇s discussion of hard cases was through basic framework of the law interpretation theory to spread out discussion,and was based on critical inheritance of realistic jurisprudence and empirical analysis jurisprudence.Concretely speaking,Dworkin＇s hard cases theory mainly includes the following contents：first confirmation and emphasis of principles,second constructive interpretation and the only right answer,third taking Hercules as a standard to establish the image of referee.Meantime,Hart,Posner and other scholars expressed their profound understandings respectively to hard cases problems,and had quite a lot of scientific principle controversies.Focusing on the development process of hard cases theory is not only helpful to add and perfect construction of content ,but also will have an important and profound effect on effective solutions of relevant problems.