134例主动脉夹层手术患者压疮预防难点及效果分析

Prevention problems and effect analysis of pressure ulcers in 134 patients with aortic dissection surgery

目的：探讨主动脉夹层手术患者压疮预防皮肤管理的实施方法与效果。方法应用Waterlow 压疮危险因素评估表对134例主动脉夹层手术患者手术前、后的皮肤状况进行评估，针对存在的压疮危险因素实施相应的预防措施，包括术前实施针对性的健康教育，提高患者落实压疮预防措施的依从性；术中使用硅胶凝胶垫、透明贴、泡沫敷料等防护垫减轻对受压部位的压力以及手术进行超过2 h后，每半小时抬起患者头部、足部，变换受力点；术后定时翻身、使用气垫床等。结果患者术前压疮评分为（10.43±2.79）分，术后压疮评分为（13.93±3.28）分。134例患者术前均无压疮；术后1 d 发生Ⅰ期压疮3例，压疮发生率为2.24%。术后3例压疮中，其中1例为消瘦，2例为手术时间过长（分别为11.5，14.5 h），术后压疮评分为22~23分，均属于非常危险。结论主动脉夹层患者围术期存在较高的压疮风险，实施针对性预防措施能有效降低压疮发生率。手术过程长时间固定体位致躯干局部受压持续时间过长，是围术期压疮预防的最大难点，也是今后需要研究解决的问题。

Objective To explore the skin management methods for preventing pressure ulcers in the patients with aortic dissection surgery. Methods Totals of 134 cases of patients with aortic dissection surgery were implemented the standardized and personalized skin management methods for preventing pressure ulcers. The“Waterlow patients pressure sore risk assessment scale”was applied in assessing the skin condition of preoperative and postoperative patients. The prevention methods according to the risk factors of pressure ulcer,including the targeted health education,improve the compliance of prevention methods;using the silicone gel pad,water gel or foam dressing to decompress the pressurized parts during the operation,when the operation time was over 2 hours, lifted patients＇ head and foot every half hour and changing stress points;during the postoperative time turning-over and using the air bed. Results The scores of pressure ulcer were（10. 43 ±2. 79）and（13. 93 ±3. 28）before and after surgery. All the 134 patients did not have pressure ulcer before surgery. One day after the operation, 3 patients had phaseⅠpressure ulcer,with an incidence of 2. 24% . Within the 3 cases of pressure ulcer patients, 1 patient was emaciation,2 patients had long operation time（11. 5 and 14. 5 hours,respectively）,whose pressure ulcer scores were 22 to 23 belong to the risk level. Conclusions Patients with aortic dissection during perioperative period have a high risk of pressure sores. The implementation of specific preventive measures can effectively reduce the incidence of pressure sores. Long procedure and partial compression caused by fixed position are the greatest difficulties in preventing the pressure sores,and they are also the problems needed to be solved in the future.