古“凿齿民”写照:史前獠牙人头像玉雕属性考——兼释史前东南方拔牙习俗与古“凿齿民”形象之矛盾

A Portrayal of Ancient Chiselled-Teeth People: Textual Research on the Nature of Human Heads with Tusks on Jade Carving —with a Discussion of the Contradiction between the Prehistoric Custom of Tooth Extraction in Eastern and Southern China and the Image

主要分布在山东中南部的大汶口文化、山东龙山文化、苏南浙北以及皖鄂一带的良渚文化墓葬中出土人骨标本中常见被拔牙的情况,许多学者将这种现象与古文献中所说的"凿齿"民相对应,认为其族属为"凿齿"部族,其地域分布也就在古代的东夷部族。但古文献中"凿齿"民的古训注还说"凿齿"民有五六尺或三尺的长牙。今学者多对此加以否定,认为是误传。但根据出土于山东龙山文化或传世的玉雕人头像中,往往在口部有很长的上下獠牙形状,笔者认为这种獠牙人头像玉雕正是古代传说中的"凿齿"民:拔牙习俗与"凿齿"的名义相呼应,而拔牙或"凿齿"后是为了在拔牙的部位装上动物的长獠牙。这种刻有上下长獠牙的玉雕人头像,反映了鲁中南苏北大汶口文化、山东龙山文化等地区拔牙习俗的居民的形状特征,这些居民亦即古文献中所说的被东夷羿部族打败后南迁的"凿齿"部族。

The cases of tooth extraction are very common on the bone specimens unearthed from the tombs of the Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture(mainly located in middle and south Shandong Province),as well as the Liangzhu Culture(mainly located in south Jiangsu Province,north Zhejiang Province,Anhui Province and Hubei Province).Many scholars correspond such phenomenon with the 'chiselled-teeth people'mentioned in ancient literature,and believed they belonged to the'chiselled-teeth'tribe distributed in the ancient Eastern Yi tribes.But the ancient annotations of those literatures also said that the chiselled-teeth people had tusks of five to six feet,or three feet long,which is considered misrepresentation nowadays.According to the depiction of human heads on jade carvings unearthed from the tombs of the Longshan Culture or handed down from ancient times,the shapes of long upper and lower tusks often appear at the mouth,and the author judges them to be the portrayal of the chiselled-teeth people in ancient legends,as the custom of tooth extraction echoes with the name of'chiselled-teeth people',and chiselling or taking off the teeth is for fitting on animal tusks on the corresponding position.The residents who lived in the regions of the Dawenkou Culture and the Longshan Culture are the chiselled-teeth tribes that migrated southward after being defeated by the Yi tribe of the Eastern Yi tribes as described in ancient literature.